Alternate names: commercial policy, international trade policy
Trade policies can be aimed at a number of issues related to importing and exporting, such as foreign retaliation, jobs, or tariffs; or they may focus on protecting intellectual property, setting standards that promote collaboration and reduce trade barriers, or establishing trade agreements and trade laws. For example, in the U.S., the Export Trading Company Act (ETCA) enables U.S. firms to work together to reduce export costs, increase exporting efficiency, and better compete in the global market, among other initiatives. It provides antitrust protection and other benefits to U.S. firms that collaborate on exporting activities. As a result, these firms get the advantage of, for example, reduced shipping costs, better negotiating power, and the ability to fill larger export orders.
How a Trade Policy Works
Trade policy is established when a government sets standards and laws regarding international trade. In some cases, a nation will pursue a more aggressive protectionist policy designed to favor its domestic industries over international competitors. Protectionism policies can include setting quotas on the number of imported goods allowed in a country, imposing tariffs on imported goods, and offering subsidies for domestic producers. On the other hand, a nation may want to increase international investment and pursue a free trade policy (sometimes called an “open trade policy”) that reduces the barriers to doing business. Many countries establish trade policies between the two extremes, adjusting them as the global economy and domestic political pressures change.
Examples of Trade Agreements
A trade agreement occurs when two or more countries agree to the terms of trade, which can include the amount of tariffs and quotas, among other terms. Here are some examples of foreign trade agreements:
The U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA): The USMCA, which replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 2020, aims to eliminate trade barriers between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada while including some restrictions on importing and exporting. The Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR): The CAFTA-DR is a trade agreement between the U.S. and Central America countries El Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala, as well as the Dominican Republic. It aims to promote stronger investment ties and stability.
Benefits of Trade
Trade expansion can provide a number of economic benefits for a nation. It can fuel economic growth, improve the job market, lower the costs of goods, and raise living standards. Trade expansion results in a wider variety of product options available for consumers and businesses. Trade policies that reduce tariffs, quotas, and other barriers on imports generally lead to lower prices and more options for consumers. However, manufacturers that sell goods to domestic customers often prefer a more import restrictive policy.
