It’s a legal agreement people often use to plan ahead for the possibility of becoming mentally incapacitated or so that the burdensome probate process can be avoided when they die. When you die, a living trust can act like a will, even replacing the need for one. One type of living trust can shelter assets from taxes, creditors, or legal liability. All living trusts are either revocable or irrevocable. They are created and go into effect while you’re living. The most significant difference between them involves who can manage the trust’s assets and whether the trust’s terms can ever be changed.
Revocable Trusts
Maybe you’re thinking about the next generations of your family. Or you’re getting older and want some help managing your assets without giving up control. Setting up a revocable trust is one estate-planning option. In most cases, you, as the trustmaker, would also become a trustee and at least one of the beneficiaries with a revocable living trust. The trust is typically managed for your benefit, and you retain certain rights over the trust. You can name additional beneficiaries who will inherit from the trust after you die. If your goal is to provide continuity if you become disabled or mentally incapacitated, you would name another trustee, sometimes called a “successor trustee” as well. That avoids the necessity of having a court name a conservator or guardian to take over her financial affairs when she becomes unable to manage them herself. You may just want your family to be able to help as you get older or if you have a progressing illness. You can retain the right to act alone while having a co-trustee help, too. Then, if your health declines, the co-trustee can take over without disruption. Another common reason to establish a revocable trust is to avoid probate of your assets. If executed properly, a trust can negate the need for probate, which is the often-arduous legal process used to determine whether a will is valid. If that is your goal, make sure to weigh the expected cost of probate against the cost and hassle of establishing a trust. With a trust, you must re-register your property and securities in the name of the trust. Probate can be very involved, particularly if you own real estate in more than one state. You can prevent the details of your estate from becoming available to the public if you use a revocable living trust to manage your estate plan.
Irrevocable Trusts
An irrevocable trust is usually used to move assets out of your name and control for the purpose of eventually being transferred to the next generation. This also reduces the value of your estate for estate tax purposes and provides protection from creditors and lawsuits. Irrevocable trusts have also been used to help with Medicaid eligibility, because they avoid the necessity of “spending down” assets; you’ve already transferred your assets into the trust, ideally well outside of the look-back period. You typically shouldn’t serve as trustee when you form an irrevocable trust, nor can you take your property back after you transfer it into an irrevocable trust. You can’t undo or dissolve such a trust, either. Unlike with a revocable trust, where you reserve the right to dissolve or change the trust at any time (as long as you’re mentally competent), an irrevocable trust is, for the most part, forever.
Who Should Act As Trustee?
One of the most distinct differences between revocable and irrevocable trusts concerns who acts as trustee or successor trustee. When spouses form a revocable trust together, they typically each act as successor trustee for the other when, and if, it becomes necessary. In an irrevocable trust, naming yourself as trustee defeats the purpose if your goal is to protect your assets from creditors and other financial requirements. State laws generally don’t dictate who can or cannot act as successor trustee or as the trustee of an irrevocable trust, and the terms of the trust document typically dictate what the trustee can or cannot do. The decision should be addressed thoughtfully. These are some qualities to consider:
They should be someone you trust to manage your investments well and (hopefully) not lose money. They must be able to deal with beneficiaries, often on an ongoing basis, which can require tact and diplomacy. When the time comes, they must understand how to legally transfer trust assets to these beneficiaries. They should know how to handle sometimes complex financial transactions and have at least a rudimentary knowledge of state law.
Some people use a corporate trustee, and some name family members to this role, particularly as successor trustees. This situation can present a host of problems. Naming one son or daughter over another can create friction and imply a sense of favoritism. You’re effectively trusting that person to put all personal feelings aside when dealing with your beneficiaries, many of whom are probably also family members. Many who establish irrevocable trusts appoint professional trustees for this reason—either a trust attorney, an investment firm or a bank. While this takes personality and emotions out of the equation, keep in mind these entities don’t work for free. Their service will cost your trust money that otherwise would have been passed to your beneficiaries. One halfway measure might involve naming multiple co-trustees and requiring their unanimous agreement on any actions taken. It won’t necessarily cut down on emotional friction, but you can at least be assured that decisions are balanced. You may also want to consider naming a family friend or business associate and leaving your offspring and other family members out of any management roles.
Special Types of Living Trusts
Trusts can be designed to meet specific purposes and concerns.
An irrevocable life insurance trust (ILIT) holds only an insurance policy on the trustmaker’s life. The policy is owned by the trust, so its proceeds are not generally included in the gross value of the decedent’s estate for estate tax purposes. A special needs trust can be set up to provide for a disabled beneficiary in such a way that it doesn’t compromise their entitlement to Supplemental Security or Medicaid benefits. A spendthrift trust gives the trustee discretion as to how and when distributions should be made to a beneficiary who isn’t financially responsible, or to safeguard the inheritance in the event the beneficiary divorces.
